The post-Cold War era of globalization came to a violent end in February 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine, leading to a new era of uncertainty and a growing global arms race centered around autonomous weapons systems (AWS) – or killer robots – in particular. The widespread use of this technology seems inevitable, fueled by military spending and technological advancements.
The rise of China’s civil-military fusion strategy, the US Pentagon’s Replicator program, and the deployment of AI-powered drones by Ukrainian and Russian forces are clear indicators of the increasing adoption of AWS. UN Secretary General António Guterres has condemned the use of such weapons, and efforts are underway to negotiate strict controls on them by 2026. However, the lack of consensus among nations and the reluctance of major military powers to limit their strategic assets may hinder progress towards a global treaty regulating autonomous weapons.
Despite the risks associated with AWS, including the potential for civilian casualties, there are potential benefits to using autonomous systems in conflict zones. Integrating machines into combat units can enhance deterrence and protect human personnel from direct harm. Various approaches, such as forging norms and best practices between countries, may help ensure meaningful human control over the use of autonomous weapons.
While the international community grapples with the ethical and legal implications of autonomous weapons, it is essential to prioritize proactive measures to prevent unintended escalations in conflicts. Collaborative efforts, such as the US government’s political declaration on responsible AI use, illustrate the potential for bilateral agreements on safe testing and deployment of AWS. By focusing on practical solutions and incremental progress, stakeholders can navigate the complex challenges posed by autonomous weapons in a rapidly evolving global security landscape.
